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For a bee to be successful, it needs to shake its honey maker.

Scientists have long known honey bees jiggle their bodies to let nestmates know the location of nearby nectar and pollen. Bees choreograph their twists and turns with cues about the direction, distance and even the deliciousness of flowers around the hive.

Now <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ade1702" target=_blank>a new study</a> in the journal Science shows that <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/beehold-test-your-honeybee-knowledge-with-this-quiz/696efa6e-4a48-4dac-b5cb-a6a14d99ecd2_quiz.html" target=_blank>honey bees</a> aren’t entirely born to boogie. To perform their tail-wagging waltz well, young bees need to watch the adults on the dance floor.

“There’s a lot that can go wrong with the waggle dance,” said James C. Nieh, a professor of biological sciences at the University of California at San Diego who co-wrote the paper published Thursday. “So it’s interesting that it’s beneficial for bees to learn from more experienced bees to reduce these errors.”

A number of recent experiments show bees and other insects aren’t simply genetically hard-wired to perform certain tasks. Instead, they are capable of imitating one another, a behavior called “social learning” usually associated with bigger-brained creatures, like monkeys and birds.

Bees may have small brains, but they work together to do mighty things with them.

“This is social learning of a really complex communication system,” Nieh said. “One of the most complicated animal communication systems known.”

For their research, the team recorded and analyzed footage of European honey bees in 10 colonies in the lab of Ken Tan, a senior professor at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and another paper co-author. Tan has endured thousand of bee stings over his research career. “I love bees,” he laughed. “For me, it’s nothing.”

Young bees in half the hives could observe old ones doing what bee biologists call the “waggle dance.” In the other half, young bees were deprived of experienced dance partners with which to practice.

To the human eye, bees dance at breakneck speed. To perform the waggle, the insect shuffles forward while furiously wiggling its abdomen back and forth — “so fast,” Nieh said, “that it usually is a blur.” The bee circles back around to do that gyration again and again, forming a figure-eight pattern on the honeycomb.

The routine is encoded with oodles of information. The angle of the middle of the figure-eight tells foraging bees which direction to fly. More repetitions means richer food. And the more a bee wiggles, the farther away the food is.

Friedhelm Adam/imageBROKER/Shutterstock

Bees about 10 days old without experienced dance partners performed the waggle dance more inconsistently than their 10-day-old counterparts in hives with experienced bees, the study found. Over time, the bees became better at conveying the direction of the nearby food, but they could never get the dance moves for communicating distance quite right.

“The waggle dance is thought of as one of the most remarkable innovations of animal communication — a symbolic language in an insect. But it was previously dismissed as ‘just innate’ — and therefore in many people’s understanding, less impressive,” Lars Chittka, a sensory and behavioral ecologist at Queen Mary University of London, wrote in an email.

But this new research “opens up a wholly new perspective,” said Chittka, who was not involved in the study.

“Cultural spread might have been how some elements of these behaviours first emerged,” he said.

Bees work so well together — some scientists call hives “superorganisms” — that people have long thought they had a sophisticated way of communicating.

Aristotle observed the waggle dance and noted bees kept returning to the same flowers. In 1973, Austrian biologist Karl von Frisch <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1973/frisch/facts/" target=_blank>won a Nobel Prize</a> in part for translating the dance’s meaning.

More recently, researchers have trained bees to <a href="https://www.popsci.com/watch-bumblebee-tug-string-to-get-lunch/" target="_blank">pull a string</a> and even to <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/23/science/bumblebees-insect-brains-video.html" target="_blank">teach each other how to play a miniature game of soccer</a>. (The goal: tug a tiny ball to the center of a platform.)

Today, though, there’s a threat to the dance party. Tan and Nieh’s <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep10989" target=_blank>previous research</a> shows widely used pesticides can harm the pollinators’ ability to learn.

After exposure to the poisons, “the waggle dance changed,” Tan said. “They have more errors.”

Columbia University, BA in economics and political science

Columbia University, MA in science journalism

Dino Grandoni is a reporter covering wildlife, biodiversity and other climate and environmental issues. He is the author of Animalia, a column exploring the strange and fascinating world of animals.

Dino Grandoni

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Bees can teach their young to dance

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Illustration by Emily Sabens/The Washington Post; iStock

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